What is Free Evolution?

Free evolution is the concept that the natural processes that organisms go through can lead to their development over time. This includes the appearance and development of new species.

This has been demonstrated by numerous examples, including stickleback fish varieties that can be found in saltwater or fresh water and walking stick insect types that prefer particular host plants. These reversible traits however, are not able to be the reason for fundamental changes in body plans.

Evolution through Natural Selection

The development of the myriad of living organisms on Earth is a mystery that has fascinated scientists for centuries. Charles Darwin's natural selection theory is the most well-known explanation. This process occurs when people who are more well-adapted have more success in reproduction and survival than those who are less well-adapted. Over time, the population of well-adapted individuals grows and eventually develops into an entirely new species.

Natural selection is an ongoing process and involves the interaction of 3 factors including reproduction, variation and inheritance. Variation is caused by mutation and sexual reproduction both of which increase the genetic diversity of the species. Inheritance refers to the transmission of a person’s genetic characteristics, which includes both dominant and recessive genes, to their offspring. Reproduction is the process of generating fertile, viable offspring. This can be achieved via sexual or asexual methods.

All of these variables must be in balance to allow natural selection to take place. If, for example, a dominant gene allele makes an organism reproduce and live longer than the recessive gene then the dominant allele becomes more prevalent in a group. If the allele confers a negative advantage to survival or 에볼루션 사이트 reduces the fertility of the population, it will disappear. This process is self-reinforcing meaning that an organism with an adaptive trait will live and reproduce much more than those with a maladaptive trait. The more offspring an organism produces, the greater its fitness which is measured by its capacity to reproduce and survive. People with desirable characteristics, like longer necks in giraffes, or bright white color patterns in male peacocks are more likely survive and produce offspring, and thus will make up the majority of the population over time.

Natural selection is an aspect of populations and not on individuals. This is a major distinction from the Lamarckian evolution theory that states that animals acquire traits either through use or lack of use. For example, if a animal's neck is lengthened by stretching to reach for prey and its offspring will inherit a longer neck. The differences in neck size between generations will continue to increase until the giraffe is unable to reproduce with other giraffes.

Evolution by Genetic Drift

Genetic drift occurs when alleles from a gene are randomly distributed in a population. At some point, only one of them will be fixed (become common enough that it can no longer be eliminated through natural selection) and the other alleles diminish in frequency. This can result in a dominant allele in extreme. Other alleles have been virtually eliminated and heterozygosity diminished to zero. In a small number of people this could result in the total elimination of recessive allele. This scenario is called a bottleneck effect, and it is typical of the kind of evolutionary process when a lot of people migrate to form a new population.

A phenotypic bottleneck can also occur when the survivors of a disaster, such as an epidemic or a mass hunting event, are concentrated within a narrow area. The survivors will be mostly homozygous for the dominant allele which means that they will all have the same phenotype and will consequently have the same fitness characteristics. This can be caused by earthquakes, war or even a plague. Whatever the reason the genetically distinct population that remains is susceptible to genetic drift.

Walsh Lewens, Walsh, and Ariew define drift as a deviation from expected values due to differences in fitness. They give a famous example of twins that are genetically identical, have identical phenotypes, but one is struck by lightning and dies, 에볼루션 바카라 사이트에볼루션 바카라 - https://geertsen-macias-2.blogbright.net/why-people-dont-care-About-Evolution-slot-game/ - whereas the other lives and reproduces.

This type of drift is very important in the evolution of the species. It's not the only method of evolution. Natural selection is the primary alternative, where mutations and migration keep the phenotypic diversity in the population.

Stephens claims that there is a big distinction between treating drift as a force or as an underlying cause, and considering other causes of evolution such as mutation, selection, and migration as forces or causes. Stephens claims that a causal process model of drift allows us to distinguish it from other forces and this differentiation is crucial. He argues further that drift has both a direction, i.e., it tends to eliminate heterozygosity. It also has a size that is determined by the size of the population.

Evolution by Lamarckism

In high school, students study biology they are often introduced to the work of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744 - 1829). His theory of evolution is generally known as "Lamarckism" and it asserts that simple organisms evolve into more complex organisms by the inherited characteristics that are a result of the natural activities of an organism use and misuse. Lamarckism is illustrated through a giraffe extending its neck to reach higher branches in the trees. This causes giraffes' longer necks to be passed to their offspring, who would then grow even taller.

Lamarck was a French zoologist and, in his opening lecture for his course on invertebrate zoology at the Museum of Natural History in Paris on the 17th May 1802, he introduced an original idea that fundamentally challenged the conventional wisdom about organic transformation. According to him, living things had evolved from inanimate matter through a series of gradual steps. Lamarck wasn't the only one to propose this, but he was widely regarded as the first to give the subject a thorough and general treatment.

The popular narrative is that Lamarckism grew into a rival to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection and that the two theories battled it out in the 19th century. Darwinism ultimately won which led to what biologists refer to as the Modern Synthesis. The Modern Synthesis theory denies that traits acquired through evolution can be inherited and instead suggests that organisms evolve through the selective action of environmental factors, including natural selection.

While Lamarck believed in the concept of inheritance through acquired characters and his contemporaries also spoke of this idea however, it was not a central element in any of their evolutionary theorizing. This is due to the fact that it was never tested scientifically.

It's been over 200 years since the birth of Lamarck and in the field of age genomics there is a growing evidence-based body of evidence to support the heritability acquired characteristics. This is often referred to as "neo-Lamarckism" or more often epigenetic inheritance. It is a version of evolution that is just as relevant as the more popular neo-Darwinian model.

Evolution by the process of adaptation

One of the most popular misconceptions about evolution is that it is being driven by a struggle to survive. This is a false assumption and ignores other forces driving evolution. The fight for survival can be better described as a struggle to survive in a certain environment. This could include not just other organisms but also the physical environment itself.

To understand how evolution functions, it is helpful to think about what adaptation is. It is a feature that allows a living organism to live in its environment and reproduce. It could be a physiological feature, such as feathers or fur or a behavior like moving into shade in hot weather or stepping out at night to avoid cold.

The survival of an organism is dependent on its ability to extract energy from the environment and to interact with other living organisms and their physical surroundings. The organism must have the right genes to create offspring and to be able to access enough food and resources. Furthermore, the organism needs to be capable of reproducing itself in a way that is optimally within its niche.

These factors, 에볼루션 사이트 together with mutations and gene flow can cause changes in the proportion of different alleles in the population's gene pool. Over time, this change in allele frequency can result in the development of new traits and ultimately new species.

A lot of the traits we admire about animals and plants are adaptations, like the lungs or gills that extract oxygen from the air, fur or feathers for insulation, long legs for running away from predators, and camouflage for hiding. To understand the concept of adaptation, it is important to differentiate between physiological and behavioral traits.

Physiological traits like thick fur and gills are physical characteristics. The behavioral adaptations aren't an exception, for instance, the tendency of animals to seek companionship or move into the shade during hot temperatures. It is important to keep in mind that insufficient planning does not cause an adaptation. Inability to think about the effects of a behavior 에볼루션 슬롯게임 (see this) even if it appears to be rational, could make it unadaptive.